As his history class at the County College of Morris here discussed exploration of the New World, Philip Garber Jr. raised his hand, hoping to ask why Chinaâs 15th-century explorers, who traveled as far as Africa, had not also reached North America.
He kept his hand aloft for much of the 75-minute session, but the professor did not call on him. She had already told him not to speak in class.
Philip, a precocious and confident 16-year-old who is taking two college classes this semester, has a lot to say but also a profound stutter that makes talking difficult, and talking quickly impossible. After the first couple of class sessions, in which he participated actively, the professor, an adjunct named Elizabeth Snyder, sent him an e-mail asking that he pose questions before or after class, âso we do not infringe on other studentsâ time.â
As for questions she asks in class, Ms. Snyder suggested, âI believe it would be better for everyone if you kept a sheet of paper on your desk and wrote down the answers.â
Later, he said, she told him, âYour speaking is disruptive.â
Unbowed, Philip reported the situation to a college dean, who suggested he transfer to another teacherâs class, where he has been asking and answering questions again.
While Philipâs case is unusual, stuttering is not: About 5 percent of people stutter at some point, and about 1 percent stutter as adults, according to the National Institutes of Health.
His classroom experience underlines a perennial complaint among stutterers, that society does not recognize the condition as a disability, and touches on an age-old pedagogical â" and social â" theme: the balance between the needs of an individual and the good of a group.
âAs we do with all students seeking accommodations, we have taken action to resolve Philipâs concerns so he can successfully continue his education,â said Kathleen Brunet Eagan, the collegeâs communications director.
She would not say if Ms. Snyder, who declined to discuss the matter, had been disciplined, but noted that the college âstrives to educate faculty and staff on how to accommodate students.â
Ms. Snyder has taught history at the college for a decade, and several current and former students on campus said in interviews that they had largely positive views of her. She was one of the first students when the college opened in 1968, then earned bachelorâs and masterâs degrees at Montclair State University, and taught middle school social studies for more than 30 years.
For Philip, who has spent most of his life being home-schooled or attending a small charter school, the teacherâs attitude was a surprise and a disappointment. âIâve never experienced any kind of discrimination,â he said, âso for it to happen in a college classroom was quite shocking.â
Jim McClure, a board member of the National Stuttering Association and its spokesman, said Philipâs experience is unusual â" because most stutterers avoid speaking in class.
âTeachers ignore them, or have to coax them to speak out,â Mr. McClure said. âThe fact that this guy wants to participate is a really healthy sign.â
Kasey Errico, who taught most of Philipâs seventh- and eighth-grade classes at the Ridge and Valley Charter School in Blairstown, N.J., noted that there were always students who monopolized class time.
âI wonder what this professor has done with those students, the ones who didnât stutter,â Ms. Errico said. âIf she told them the same thing she told Philip, then I might understand.â
Two students in Ms. Snyderâs class, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to avoid alienating their teacher, said that Philip did take up more time than the other students, but not egregiously so, and that his contributions were solid. They said they did not know what happened between him and Ms. Snyder, but did notice the day he held his hand up for most of the class and never got called on.
âWhat about a kid whoâs got a thick accent and has to repeat everything?â asked Philipâs father, also named Philip, the managing editor of two small newspapers. âI donât think youâd tell that kid he canât talk.â
But advocates for people who stutter say that the same people who accept a delay in a bus ride to load a disabled passenger are often less patient with those who struggle to speak clearly.
Doctors once saw stuttering as a psychological issue, but the current medical view is that its origins are physiological and hereditary, though emotions can make it worse. Last year, the National Institutes of Health identified the first genes linked to stuttering.
The outlines of Philipâs experience are common: there was a family history (an uncle who stuttered), the problem began before he reached school age, and he spent years going to speech therapists, some of whom did more harm than good. His most recent therapist gave Philip confidence and some techniques for managing his speech, but he decided last winter to stop going, at least for now.
âI understand that it can be hard to listen to someone who stutters, but the answer canât just be to shut him down,â said his mother, Marin Martin, a nurse. As it is, she said, âthere are social situations where he just canât be part of the conversation.â
Talking with Philip requires a degree of patience â" all the more so because he is remarkably uninhibited, and tends to speak in complete paragraphs, as displayed in videos on his YouTube channel. For the listener, the payoff is insight and wry wit.
He has suppressed a trait common to stutterers â" bouncing all or part of the body, as if trying to force a word out. âI found itâs hard to get people to listen when they think youâre having a seizure,â he said. An avid amateur photographer, he hopes to make a career of it, but worries that âeven if nobody expects the photographer to say much, you do have to talk.â
After years of speech therapy, Philip can force himself to speak fairly fluidly, but it requires such intense concentration that he cannot hold a train of thought for long while doing it.
For now, he is taking courses in history and English composition at the college, home-schooling in other subjects and traveling into Manhattan once a week to work on acting and playwriting with Our Time Theater Company, a group for people who stutter.
As for Ms. Snyder, he said he might have had some sympathy for the professorâs quandary if she had expressed it less harshly.
âIâve been very lucky to never have been teased, bullied or anything, but some people who stutter completely stop speaking because of that kind of abuse,â Philip said. âPeople donât think of it as a legitimate disability. They just need to learn.â
This article, â Professor's response to a stutterer -- Don't speakâ first appeared in The New York Times.